Phys 105:   Study Guide for Test #4

Test #4 will concentrate on the following important environment related topics:

Transportation (Ch.8 : Mostly about automobiles);Global Warming (Green House Effect: Section 10.3), Ozone Depletion (Section 10.2), Acid Rain (Section 9.10).
Chapter 8: Transportation

Transportation is, however, very important . It comes right after the basic necessities -food, shelter and clothing. Below are some important points you should know:

bullet Review Newton's Laws of Motion . Especially the 2nd Law of Motion (F= ma)
bullet Be able to list and quantify  the four components( Fa   Fs, Fr and Fad) of the total force needed to move a car.
bullet Study Fig 8.1 and list the energy  :
  1. lost in water heating
  2. lost as exhaust  heat
  3. in motor friction
  4. used as effective power of motor
  5. used as effective power of car
  6. as reserve power for climbing hills, acceleration and running accessories
bullet

Look at table 8.1 and find out the % of U.S. energy used by automobiles is about 40%, by light trucks (including SUVs) is about 20% and by commercial truck is about 16%.
bullet  Find out from you book (Fig. 8.3) by what % fuel efficiency declines when we speed up 55mph to 75 mph. Look at Table 8.7 and find out what % Americans drive alone to go to work, what % carpool? What % walk? and What % use public transportation?. What % of US energy used for transportation will be saved if each car carried four people to work and back?
bullet Look at Fig 8.2. and confirm that average miles/gallon for cars in the early 1970s was less that 15. In the 1990s it is about 28 mile/gallon. This is good news if we do not all drive SUVs.
bullet Now hybrid cars (gasoline + electric powered cars) are being introduced . A variety of hybrid cars are available from all sorts of car models  for sale even in Rock Hill.
bullet  Hybrid cars deliver an average fuel efficiency over 50 mpg in city.   Ford  had  a hybrid SUV since  (2004), other manufacturers will follow with their competitive brands. This is good news for the environment and fuel conservation. Hybrid cars have extremely low emission. The web sites below have information about hybrid cars from major car manufacturers.

Hybrid Cars from GM, Ford. Honda, Toyota, Nissan etc.
Almost all car manufacturers are experimenting with HEV: Hybrid electric vehicles (hybrid cars) EV: electric vehicles, fuel cell powered cars that ate 85% efficient ( 8.6 and 8.7) and FFV cars (see Fig 8.8) . All these efforts are attempts to make our cars environment friendly and less dependent on fossil fuels. Visit the site at left  to learn more about HEV vehicles,
  http://store.hybridcars.com/

Hybrid SUVs

 

Chapter 10: Global Effects.

Chapter 10 (less than 20 pages) covers ozone depletion and global warming. It is recommended that you study it and your answer the 5 multiple questions at the end of the chapter correctly.

Global Warming:

  1. Global Warming ( "Green House Effect"): This will be  covered by the 22 min movie titled " Life in the Green House". The answers to the 16 questions in the movie related handout represent the essentials.
  2. You have to know what the "Green House Effect" is? What causes it? And how we can help control it? Section 10.3 (pages 330- 343) deals with this topic.
  3. An excellent coverage of global warming is available in the following EPA web sites http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/

http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids/index.html

 

Acid Rain:

  1. This will be  covered by the 20 min. movie on acid rain. Review the 18 questions that accompanied the movie.
  2. Section 9.10 (Pages 314 --318) of your books deals with acid rain. The summary (Section 9.11) is important. Read it. Examine figures 9.13 and Table 9.5. What is the major source of emission(s) that cause global warming and/or acid rain.
  3. The following EPA web site has general information about acid rain, including causes, effects, and efforts to correct it    http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/arp/

    4.    Be familiar with the pH scale. What do pH values of 0, 7, and 14 represent.

    5.      What is the pH value of pure rain?

Ozone Depletion:

  1. This topic was covered by the 20 min movie on ozone depletion. Review the 15 questions that accompanied the movie. The following EPA web site http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/

addresses the following important questions about ozone depletion.

  1. What is the ozone layer and why is it important?
  2. How does ozone depletion occur?
  3. How do we know that natural sources are not responsible for ozone depletion?
  4. What is being done about ozone depletion?
  5. Is there general agreement among scientists on the science of ozone depletion?
  6. Will the ozone layer recover? Can we make more ozone to fill in the hole?
  7. Section 10.2 (pages 326 -330) deals with the ozone depletion problem.