PHYS 105

Study Questions and Study suggestions for Test 2

Ch. 5: Fossil Fuels

Visit this Energy Site. Adventures in Energy

Click on the above link and make sure you answer the self quiz question.

Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

Energy Sources for Kids

1. List three major types of fossils fuels.
2. State some of the problems associated with using fossil fuels.
3. What forced the English to shift from using wood to using coal?
4. When, where, and by whom was the first oil well drilled?
5. What was the type of oil considered valuable at first?
6. What caused people to prefer gasoline to kerosene?
7. Oil was at first needed mostly for lighting and cooking. Why didn’t the demand die down after Alva Elision started wiring cities so they could use electricity for almost everything?
8. What does Q₈ stand for in relation to fossil fuels resources?
9. How does one arrive at the conclusion that if the US does not import oil. Its oil reserves will last no more than 20 years?
10. Based on King Hubbert's estimates when does oil production peak? How long will oil last at present rate of usage?
11. Based on Edward’s revised estimates when does oil production peak? How long wills it last?
12. Write the question" How long will oil last?" as your key word and search the web. Write your most optimistic finding. Repeat the search for coal and natural gas and take notes.
13. What is the olduvai theory ? Search for olduvai theory in the web and take notes.
14. After the primary and secondary oil recovery methods ,what % of the oil is left underground? What can be done to recover more oil?
15. What % of oil is obtaine by primary, secondary and teriary means of extraction? How much is lefte afte all three means of extraction  are used?
16. Compared to typical oil in the US how much more does typical oil in Saudi Arabia produce?
17. How is crude oil separated into products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc., during the refining process.
18. Which country produces about 25% of the world oil? Which country consumes about 25% of the world oil? Look at this link.
19. What % of world oil reserve is controlled by OPEC? What % do OPEC produce ? What % do they consume? Hint: read  page 133.
20. The numbers of cars in the US has increased greatly since 1973. However, the rate of oil consumption has only increased slightly? Explain how this is possible.
21. Which countries were using natural gas around 600 BC
22. Why is natural gas preferred over coal for use in power plants.
23. How long is natural gas expected to last.
24. How long a go were, oil, natural gas, coal, and shale oil formed?
25. What type of coal is considered high grade? Why?
26. Look at table 5-1 and list the types of coal in terms of high to low carbon content.
27. From table 5-2  List countries intern of their coal reserve  high  1 to low  5.
28. From table 5-3  List countries intern of their oill reserve  high  1 to low  8.
29. From table 5-6  List countries intern of their natural gas reserve  high  1 to low  6.
30. Which two countries have the most coal reserves. What % of the world coal reserves does the US have. How longcould it last it according some estimates.
31. Rank the three major fossil fuels in terns carbon dioxide emission—most to least.
32. What is oil shale and how can it be used? How many tons of shale oil is needed to produce 25 gallons of gasoline?
33. What are tar sands? Where are they found?
34. Define the terms: Marlstone, Kerogen, Retorting , Polymerization, thermal Cracking, fracking, fractional distilaation  et.. Look them up in the internet if you cannot finf them in the book.
35. Suggested Multiple Coice Questions  (MPCQs) from pages 160-165: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19,23, 24
36. True or False:

Chapter 6: Transportation

Transportation is, however, very important . It comes right after the basic necessities -food, shelter and clothing. Below are some important points you should know:

	Review Newton's Laws of Motion . Especially the 2nd Law of Motion (F= ma)
	Be able to list and quantify  the four components( Faero   Frr, Fgr and Facc) of the total force needed to move a car. see  eq. (6-1) on page 195
	Study a diagram above and list the energy  used or wasted by  conventioanl car.

1. lost as heat-motor friction

2. lost while idling.

3. in driveline friction

4. used as effective power of motor

5. used as effective power of car

6. as reserve power for climbing hills, acceleration and running accessories

7. used for accesories

8. Used to overcome air drag

9. Used inbraking

10. Reserve for accelration and hill climbing

11. If  a car speed is doubled the air drag  force icreases by what  factor? the power needed to overcome the air drag icresease by what factor. Hint  F --> V²  and P -->V³

	Look at table 6-1 and find out the % of U.S. energy used by automobiles__%, by light trucks (including SUVs) ___% and by commercial (heavy) trucks___%.
	Find out from your notes by what % fuel efficiency declines when we speed up from  55mph to 75 mph.

From your notes  confirm that average miles/gallon for cars in the early 1970s was less that 15mpg. In the 1990s it is about 28 mile/gallon. Waht is it now? Look up the CAFE standards (Table 6-8)

Now hybrid cars (gasoline + electric powered cars) are being introduced . A variety of hybrid cars are available from all sorts of car models  for sale even in Rock Hill.

Hybrid cars deliver an average fuel efficiency over 50 mpg in city.   Ford  had  a hybrid SUV since  (2004), other manufacturers will follow with their competitive brands. This is good news for the environment and fuel conservation. Hybrid cars have extremely low emission. The web sites below have information about hybrid cars from major car manufacturers. What type of batteries are used for Elecric Cars, ICE ccars, Laptops, Hybrid Cars, Fuel Cell  Vehicles  etc. see table 6-10

How Hybrid cars work

Almost all car manufacturers are experimenting with HEV: Hybrid electric vehicles (hybrid cars) EV: electric vehicles, fuel cell powered cars that ate 85% efficient ( 8.6 and 8.7) and FFV cars (see Fig 8.8) . All these efforts are attempts to make our cars environment friendly and less dependent on fossil fuels. Visit the site at left  to learn more about HEV vehicles,

http://store.hybridcars.com

Hybrid SUVs

See fig 6-17: What are the diferences in function between a series and parallel hybrid?

What is the difference btween hybrid,  plug -in-hybrid and an electric car?

How does a fuel cell work? see fig. 6-14.

What is the fuel and exhuast in fuel cell powered car? How do the effiencis of a fuel cell based car and a convenitional car compare?

Which accident is more dangerous? An explosion of a gasoline powered car or a hydrogen powered car? See fig 6-15.

Self Driving Cars? CNN Test of Autonomous Cars ABC coverage of Selfdriving cars

MPCQs(p.202):2 , 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21,23, 24,

True or False: 1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12 ,13

Chapter 7: Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuel: Pollution

Global Warming:

1. Global Warming ( "Green House Effect"): This will be  covered by the 22 min movie titled " Life in the Green House". The answers to the 16 questions in the movie related handout represent the essentials.

2. You have to know what the "Green House Effect" is? What causes it? And how we can help control it? Section 10.3 (pages 330- 343) deals with this topic.

3. An excellent coverage of global warming is available in the following EPA web sites: Global Warming Basics .

Possible Effects of Climate Change in the US including the South East.

Acid Rain:

1. This will be  covered by the 20 min. movie on acid rain. Review the 18 questions that accompanied the movie.

2. (Pages 217---218) of your books deals with acid rain. What are the major source of emissions that cause global warming and/or acid rain.

3. This  EPA web site has general information about acid rain, including causes, effects, and efforts to correct it  

    4.    Be familiar with the pH scale. What do pH values of 0, 7, and 14 represent.

    5.      What is the pH value of pure rain?

Ozone Depletion:

1. This topic is covered by the 20 min movie on ozone depletion. Review the 15 questions that accompanied the movie. The following EPA web site http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/

addresses the following important questions about ozone depletion.

1. What is the ozone layer and why is it important?

2. How does ozone depletion occur?

3. How do we know that natural sources are not responsible for ozone depletion?

4. What is being done about ozone depletion?

5. Is there general agreement among scientists on the science of ozone depletion?

6. Will the ozone layer recover? Can we make more ozone to fill in the hole?

7. (pages 215- -216) deal with the ozone depletion problem