Test 2 will cover Renewable Energy Sources I ( Ch, 4--Solar Energy) and II (Ch 5B Energy Source alternatives ) , . This guide is to help you review for the test. I am listing questions and suggestions from each chapter that I believe represent the essentials.

1. Review the questionnaire for movie III. Make sure you have answered all 15 questions correctly. Compare your answers at least with one classmate.
2. Give reasons why we should look for alternatives to fossil fuels.
3. List at least six sources of renewable energy.
4. Which renewable sources of energy do not derive their energy from the sun?
5. List the U.S. renewable energy consumption % from highest to lowest. (Use table 4.1)
6. As of 1994 what % of US energy is met by renewable sources.
7. How long in minutes does sun light take to reach Earth? ( d = 150 million km , c= 300,000 km/s, t =d/c Ans =8.33 min.)
8. Examine fig. 4.2 what % of solar radiation incident on the upper atmosphere reaches the Earth’s surface?
9. What is the solar constant?
10. What is the value of the solar constant in the upper atmosphere in: calories/(min. cm²)
11. Why is the average solar intensity on the Earth's surface only 1/4 of what it is on the upper atmosphere?
12. Examine the calculation on page 94. How is the amount 164 W/ m² arrive at?
13. How is the 164 W/ m² converted to 600 164 W/ m²?
14. If we were to capture all the solar energy that is incident in the whole of US, how many times more energy than we need do we get?
15. What % of the US land is needed to efficiently collect solar energy to meet US energy needs?
16. How many gasoline gallons equivalent of solar energy can a 1000 sq. ft roof collect per day?
17. How should a house be oriented to take advantage of direct solar energy?
18. Which area of the US gets the most solar energy?
19. What is insolation?
20. From fig 4.3, estimate the insolation for S.C. Florida and New Mexico in kWh/m².
21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a flat-plate solar energy collector system?
22. What is the difference between an active and passive collector system? Give examples of each.
23. State, mathematically, Stefan=s and Wien=s radiation laws. The middle of the visible solar spectrum is 0.5 micrometers (500 nano meters). That is also the wavelength were the intensity is maximum. Using Wiens=s Law calculate the surface temperature of the sun.
24. What is the Greenhouse Effect?
25. List the colors of the visible spectrum (the rainbow) in descanting order of wavelength.
26. Glass does not transmit infrared radiation 4 to 24 micrometers. What are some consequences of this as it relates to solar collectors? And to a parked car with all windows closed? And in the Earth<s atmosphere?
27. What were the factors that influenced the growth of the solar panel market in the early 1980s? What led to the decline of use of solar panels after 1985?
28. What was the major use of the solar panels that were installed in the early 1980s?
29. What are three factors that need to be considered in the design of a solar home?
30. Rank the following materials in the descending order of their capacity to store solar energy: brick, scrap iron, loose stone, wood, water, concrete
31. Compare the direct-gain and a Trombe wall approach to solar home heating. What is the advantage and disadvantage of each. Look at fig 4.7 and fig 4.8.
32. How can a window be used to admit solar energy during winter and block it during summer?
33. Study figures 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, and 4.13. What type of collectors do they use? How do they work? What is their common purpose? How does fig 4.13 differ from the others?
34. For a flat-pate collector, the heating potential is about 100 ⁰ C (373K) while the ambient temperature is 20⁰C (293K). Show how this results in a Carnot efficiency of about 20 %. (See p. 106) [ e% = (Th -Tc/Th) x 100]
35. Calculate the efficiency for a heat engines that relies on: A spherical collector ( Th = 700k, Tc = 300K) , for a parabolic collector (Th = 1500k, Tc =300k). A record temperature of 3273 K was set in France. If the ambient temperature is 3000k, What is the Carnot efficiency of a thermoelectric generator that uses this super hot collector?
36. What are solar power towers? How do they work?
37. What are the devices that convert solar energy directly to electricity called? (There are two types. See fig 4.13 and fig 4.15)
38. What is the photoelectric effect? How did Einstein explain it?
39. What is the difference between p-type and n-type silicones? What are they used for ?
40. Give examples of devices that use solar cells (photovoltaic cells)?
41. What % of solar energy has the wavelength that solar cells can convert to electricity?
42. What is EFG?
43. What are factors that have discouraged the wide use of solar cells?
44. Where is the largest solar power plant found? How many MW does it produce?
45. How is solar cooling possible?
46. How did Servel and Eloctorux refrigerators work? How is solar energy relevant in these refrigeration processes?
47. Give two reasons why solar powered refrigerators would be more useful in less developed remote tropical areas?
48. Give a reason why spacecrafts such as the space station have the advantage when it comes to using photovoltaic cells.
49. In addition to all the above, please make sure you can define all the Key Terms listed in page 121.
50. Finally, here are some suggested Qs and Ps from page 122: 1,2,3,4,5,&9 and MCQs from pages 122-124: 1,2,3,5,6, 7,8,9,12,13,14,15,16 and 17.
51. The textbook and your notes should enable you to answer all the questions above. The following are recommended links you may want to look at for fun and additional information. The links lead you to additional links. Use your study guide, you notes and you book to select what you need. The first two links are also relevant for chapter 5

• http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL3520/Topic6/Topic6.html

1. Hydropower:

The link above will lead you to a variety of topics that are relevant to hydropower.

1. List the renewable energy sources based on % of usage. High to low ( See table 4.1)
2. List the non-solar renewable sources of energy.
3. What was hydropower used for 2000 year ago?
4. What replaced water wheels in the 16^th century?
5. Describe the transformation of energy that takes place in the hydrological cycle ( see fig. 5.2 or click on the link above).
6. What % of the solar energy the Earth receives is used up in the hydrological cycle?
7. What is the potential energy (P.E.=mgh) of 1 liter (1kg) of water if it is 100 meters above ground level?
8. Calculate the power generated when water falls from a 100 meter height at the rate of 1 liter/sec. See example 5.1
9. List the pros and cons of using hydroelectric generators.
10. Look at fig 5.3. The % of hydroelectric power usage has gone down from 30% in 1950 to about 10% in 1955 even though more hydroelectric generators were built. How do you explain this?
11. What limits the lifetime of hydroelectric generators?
12. On March 13, 1928, the St. Francis dam near San Francisco failed. How many people died because of this accident?
13. How many major dam failures has there been between 1918 and 1958? Based on these failures is the average death rate per year more than or less than 1 person? Is this significant compared to other causes such as car accidents? Or Earthquakes?

14 List the % of electricity the following countries get for hydroelectric power

From the 6 listed above which two countries produce the largest amount of electricity from hydropower?

15. Look at table 5.2. Which region of the US has the highest potential for hydroelectric power? Which region has developed amount 79% of its potential?

The links below are relevant to Wind power.
Please study the Quick Facts about Wind Energy from this link http://www.eren.doe.gov/wind/web.html

This link is also relevant to wind power

http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL3520/Windpower/Windpower.html

1. What makes the wind to blow?
2. What % of solar energy is used to generate wind?
3. There is a record that wind power was used by Egyptians 7000 years ago. For what purpose was it used?
4. Explain why the breeze is from sea to land during a hot summer day and land to sea at night?
5. Up to how many horse powers were large sailing ships able to extract from the wind in the 19^th century?
6. What are some advantages wind power has over solar cells?
7. If the wind velocity doubles by what factor does its power generating capacity increase?
8. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of a wind mill

Study fig. 5.6. List the type all the of wind turbines represented in the figure with their efficiencies. What is the maximum possible efficiency for a wind turbine?

9. What are the major uses of small windmills?
10. What are the major uses of large wind turbine farms?
11. Which state produces 75% of the world wind generated electricity?
12. What motivates California to develop windmill farms?
13. Does SC have a great potential for developing wind turbine farms? (see fig 5.7)
14. What are some problems associated with wind power?

The following link gives some history and describes open and closed OTEC systems with clear diagrams http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec-nelha/otec.html

1. What does OTEC stand for?
2. Who originally developed the OTEC concept?
3. Who was the first to build an OTEC?
4. According to George's Claude (see page 145) what are the advantages envisioned that OTECs would have over hydroelectric and fossil fuel powered power plants?
5. Besides generating electricity, what can OTECs possible do?
6. Which type of OTEC uses ocean water as a refrigerant?
7. Which type of OTEC uses ammonia as a refrigerant?
8. Which type of OTEC can distill water as it generates electricity?
9. How can OTECs help generate hydrogen?
10. Why is hydrogen important? (Hint: search for fuel cells.)
11. If the surface temperature of an ocean is 27⁰C while at a depth of 100 meters it is 7 ⁰C. What is the ideal efficiency of an OTEC power plants that utilizes this temperature gradient? ( e% = (Th-Tc)* 100/Tc. If your answer is 26%, it is wrong! It should be about 7%. Please convert the temperatures to Kelvins before you use them in the formula. See example 5.4)

Use the above link and the one below  to learn more about tidal power

another link to tidal power

1. What causes the tides?
2. Why does one see two tides in a 24-hr period instead of one?
3. How is tidal power similar to hydroelectric power? What are the differences between the dams for a river and for tides?
4. What are some major problems associated with using tidal power?
5. What fraction is the efficiency of tidal power compared to hydroelectric power?
6. What fraction of world hydroelectric power capacity does tidal power represent? See p.165
7. Why is tidal power not widely used?
8. What fraction of US potential for power does tidal power represents compared to hydroelectric? (see Table 5.5)
9. Explain how Tidal Electric Alaska plans to store tidal power generated electricity?
10. List the location of the three large operational tidal power plants in the world?

Here another useful web site on Ocean Energy  http://www.energy.ca.gov/development/oceanenergy/ At the end of the web page there are a variety of ocean energy related links link

The course site below discusses geothermal as well as OTEC, It also has a lot of links to other sites that you need to look at. A geologist prepared it.

http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/courses/GEOL3520/Topic8/Topic8.html

1. How does the earth get hot at its core?
2. What is the temperature of the Earth at its inner core?
3. What is the temperature of magma at the depth of 80 to 100 km?
4. What is the present electric generating capacity of Geysers Geothermal Power Plant found near San Francisco? (see fig 5.15)
5. If a geothermal; power plant utilizes Th = 400K and Tc =300K, what is its maximum ideal efficiency?
6. List the six categories of geothermal resources and state briefly how they can be used? (see page 159-160)
7. Look at Table 5.4. Which type of geothermal is the most promising? What its percentage capacity compared to all the other types of geothermal resources?
8. Which country gets about 2/3 of its energy need s from geothermal source?
9. What % of world energy can geothermal sources potentially provide?
10. What are some of the pros and cons of geothermal power? (Check the link for Geothermal above)

http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/bioenergy.html

1. What is the process by which plants make hydrocarbons?
2. Write down balanced chemical equations that show the formation of glucose and sucrose?
3. What is biomass
4. What is the ideal efficiency of a photosynthetic process? (see example 5.6 and your notes.)
5. Look at Table 5.3. What is the photosynthetic efficiency of a cornfield and algae in a polluted stream?
6. What % of the visible spectrum is or can be used by plants for photosynthesis?
7. Why do plants appear green?
8. What was the major fuel for cooking and heating for early man? For US before 1880? And many developing countries?
9. When can we say biomass is renewable?
10. If we do not replant, is biomass renewable?
11. What are the pros and cons of biomass?
12. Estimates show we can meet all our energy needs if we burn all the crops we cultivate or if we use a large portion of our land to harvest fast growing trees. Is this a good idea?
13. List the % contents of solid waste. (See page 153). What % is organic and what % is inorganic (glass and metal)?
14. What can be done to isolate the inorganic waste?
15. Look at Fig 5.12. What does the power plant use for fuel? How does this affect landfills?
16. Give some pros and cons for using Municipal Stolid Waste as fuel. .
17. What is the difference between ethanol and gasohol? (Read section 5.7) and look at for, e.g., http://calvin.biotech.wisc.edu/jeffries/bioprocessing.html
18. What are the problems associated with producing ethanol? See fig 5.13
19. Search for corn burning stoves in the Internet. Where is the demand for such stoves high? Why is there a demand for such stoves?( See the commercial below)

.Nuclear Physics Homework

You review the questionnaire for the movie on Nuclear Theory and Energy and Use the link below to complete the questions  A,B. &C  below. Please copy, and paste the questions to your computer and the type your answers in. Print out and submit your work. No handwritten answers will be accepted.

http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/

1. What % of US electrical power is generated using nuclear reactors?
2. When, where and by whom was the first experimental reactor built?
3. When and where was the first US commercial reactor built?
4. Define the following terms :