Chapter 4 Student competencies

• Understand the terms solution, solvent, solute, electrolyte, and nonelectrolye as well as the context in which they are used.
• Describe the solution process; explain the energies required or released and the specific interactions that occur during each step.
• Discuss the properties of water and the interactions that make water such an effective solvent for ionic compounds.
• Differentiate between strong and weak electrolytes; identify whether a substance is a nonelectrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a strong electrolyte.
• Use solubility tables to predict which reactions will produce precipitates.
• Write balanced molecular equations, complete ionic equations, and net ionic equations for a given set of reactants that may or may not form a precipitate.
• Know the common strong acids and bases.
• Write the chemical equations for the reactions of strong or weak acids and bases with water.
• Write balanced molecular and net ionic equations for neutralization reactions.
• Write molecular and net ionic equations for the reaction of acids with carbonates and with sulfides.
• Understand why acid-base, precipitation, and oxidation-reduction reactions go to completion.
• Define what is meant by oxidation and reduction.
• Determine the oxidation numbers for all atoms within a compound or an ion.
• Understand the basis for the oxidation number system of assigning charge.
• Write balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the oxidation of metals by acids and salts.
• Use the activity series to predict whether a certain metal will be oxidized either by an acid or by a particular salt.
• Know the relative placement of groups of metals on the activity series.
• Understand how the activity series is related to the natural state of metals.
• Calculate the molarity of a solution.
• Interconvert among molarity, moles and volume.
• Express the concentration of an electrolyte.
• Understand the necessary steps to prepare a diluted solution and to calculate its concentration.
• Determine theoretical reaction yields and carry out other solution stoichiometric calculations for reactions that involve one or more aqueous reactant solutions.
• Determine the number of moles of solute in a given amount of reactant solution.
• Determine concentrations from titration measurements.
• Understand what equivalence points and end points are.
• Be familiar with common acid-base indicator dyes and understand how they work.
• Outline the necessary steps to complete a titration.