Chemistry
502 - Instrumental Methods of Analysis – Spring 2005
Qualitative
and quantitative methods of chemical analysis for organic, biochemical, and
inorganic compounds fall into two categories, classical (or wet) methods
and instrumental methods. Chemistry 313 surveyed many classical methods
of analysis and some instrumental methods of analysis. Although there is not
always a clear barrier between the two, the primary difference arises from the
type of physical property used to provide information. Classical methods often
rely on reactivity or physical properties such as solubility, color, melting
and/or boiling points, odors, or refractive indices for qualitative
information, while gravimetric, volumetric, and titrimetric measurements
provide the quantitative information.
Classical methods for the separation of mixtures are mainly solvent
extractions and distillations. Instrumental methods of analysis typically
utilize other physical properties such as absorption or emission of light,
mass-to-charge ratio, electrode potential, current, or charge measured with
sophisticated electronic devices.
Separations are carried out by more efficient chromatographic methods.
Instrumental
methods of analysis certainly extend well beyond the chemistry lab. These
instruments are found in biotechnology, environmental, geological, materials,
forensic, medical, nutritional, and industrial labs. Unfortunately, some
scientists view and utilize these instruments as "black boxes". The
term implies a device in which the scientist places a sample and somehow a
number is generated that influences the scientist’s decision-making process. It
should be apparent that this approach could be dangerous, as the old saying
"Garbage In/Garbage Out" is often true. As such any scientist using
sophisticated instrumental equipment needs at least a basic understanding of
how these devices are designed to work.
Instrumental
Methods of Analysis is a broad subject, but the methods are generally
categorized as spectroscopic, electrochemical, or chromatographic. We will essentially take the cover off the
"black box" and see how these instruments are constructed and
measurements made from the underlying chemical and physical properties of the
substance. Quantitative problem solving
will be utilized as a means to demonstrate physical principles applied in the
design and performance of instruments.
The
goal of this course is not to make you an "expert" on each type of
instrumentation encountered, but rather to introduce and educate you to the
many types of instruments available for chemical analysis and the type(s) of
information these instruments provide. It is my hope that you will then expand
your knowledge of the instruments you come into contact with during your scientific
career, thereby avoiding the "black box" problem.
Specific
Course Objectives:
By
the end of this course, you should:
- Have an
understanding of how chemical and physical properties of substances are
used in the design and construction of sophisticated instrumentation used
in chemical analysis
- Have a broad
knowledge of the types of instrumentation generally available and the
information provided by each
- Understand the
advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of different instruments used
for similar types of analyses
- Use rigorous
mathematical methods for evaluating instrument performance
Time/Location:
Professor:
Dr. C. Calloway callowayc@winthrop.edu
Office:
312-B Sims Hall; 323-4945
Office
Hours: TRF
Textbook:
Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5thedition,Skoog,
D.A., Holler, F.J., Nieman, T.A.
You
may find the website, "Chemistry Hypermedia
Project" (Analytical Chemistry Tutorial), a useful tool.
Grading/Evaluation:
Note: Since all graded work (including homework to
be collected, quizzes, papers, mid-term examinations, final examination, research
proposals, laboratory results and reports, etc.) may be used in the
determination of academic progress, no collaboration on this work is permitted
in this course unless the instructor explicitly indicates that some specific
degree of collaboration is allowed. This statement is not intended to
discourage students from studying together, seeking help from the instructor,
or working together on assignments that are not to be collected.
Grades in this course will be determined from three
sources, as follows:
- Homework (20%):
Periodically, homework problems will be assigned, from the textbook or as
handouts, and collected. Due dates given for each assignment are the final
date each assignment will be accepted.
- Mid-term Exams
(60%): There will be 4 exams given during the term covering the topics
listed below. Make sure to bring a pencil and calculator to the exam. No
make-up exams will be given. If an
exam is missed with a valid excuse, as determined by the instructor, the
final exam will count as the missed exam grade. The exams are scheduled as follows:
- Exam
1: February 1
- Exam
2: March 1
- Exam
3: March 31
- Exam
4: April 19
- Final Examination:
20% {Tuesday, May 3/
Letter
grades will be assigned as follows:
90 - 100%: A
80-89%: B
70-79%: C
60-69%: D
Menu
of Topics:
- Analytical Figures
of Merit, Basic Electronics, Signal-to-Noise Theory (
Exam 1
- Spectroscopic
Instrument Design & Atomic Spectroscopy - (Ch. 6 – 10)
Exam 2
- Molecular
Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy (Ch. 13-18)
- Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy- (
Exam 3
- Atomic and
Molecular Mass Spectrometry (
- Surface Analysis (
- Electro-analytical
Chemistry (Ch. 22-25)
Exam 4
Old Exam 3
Old Exam 4
Students
with Disabilities: If
you have a disability and need classroom accommodations, please contact
Services for Students with Disabilities, at 323-2233, as soon as possible. Once you have your “professor notification
letter”, please notify me so that I am aware of your accommodations well before
the first test or assignment.
My
advice, to help you succeed in this endeavor:
- Read your textbook.
- Be sure you know how
to do mean, standard deviation, and linear regression on your calculator.
- Stay ahead of the
lectures in your reading.
- Work the homework
problems by yourself, without any aid.
- Don’t fall behind.
- Wear sunscreen.
- Read your textbook.
- Floss at least once
a day.
- Talk to your
professor, especially if you are confused.
- Get a good night’s
rest.
- Read your textbook.
- Sing occasionally.
- Above all, read
your textbook.
We, the members of the